1 –
Proficiency Sınavı
(
Proficiency Sınavı
için Bireysel – Özel Ders )
2 –
Proficiency Sınavı
(
Proficiency Sınavı
için 4 kişilik Gruplarla Ders )
Bütün Üniversitelerin Proficiency Sınavlarına Katılarak için Hazırlanan Öğrenciler,Girecekleri Sınavın Formatına Uygun bir Biçimde Garantili Olarak Bireysel – Teke tek Özel Derslerle yada 4 kişilik Gruplarda Hazırlanır.
The conjunctions we use to introduce reason clauses.
Nobody likes him
because he is liar.
as
………………………since
Today it is warm
for
the sun is shining.
As seen above, we use because, as, since or for to introduce a reason clause. Pay attention that a reason clause is the answer to a question with why.
NOTICE : A reason clause can be used before or after the main clause. ‘’For’’ is formal and old-fashioned and it follows the main clause.
NOTE:
a. As
and
since
mean
because.
In most cases these three conjunctions are interchangeable.
Yesterday I was very tired
for
I worked hard all day long.
b. ‘’Thanks’’ to
is especially used to state why or how something good has happened.
Thanks to Turkish partiotism and Turkish heroism, we were able to save our country from the enemy.
c. Due to
is more common in spoken English than
owing to
. Bot hare slightly formal. ‘’Because’’ of is usually used in spoken English.
Reason Clauses ( Sebep ifade eden cümleler )
Study the table.
Hundred of people lost their homes
because of
El nino.
………………………………..
due to
……………………………………………owing to
= El Nino caused hundreds of people to lose their homes.
Futher examples.
I missed the seven-o’clock train
because of
a traffic jam. (1)
I missed the seven-o’clock train
owing to/ due to
the traffic jam.(2)
= I missed the seven-o’clock train
as/because
there was a traffic jam.
As seen above, it is also possible to Express a reason by using because of (1), owing to/due to (2).
Exercise 1. Make sentences, changing one of the sentences into a reason clause or phrase. You can make any necessary changec and use the words in brackets.
1 We were late. We missed the bus. (because)
2 He is upset. His money was stole. (as)
3 A storm broke out. Their ship sank. (because of)
4 He used to smoke a lot. He has got cancer. (since)
5 He is healthy and twenty years old. He has to join the army. (seeing that)
6 There is an unemployment problem in rural areas. A lot of people migrate to big cities. (since)
7 The construction of the new school has stopped. There is a lack of funds.(owing to)
8 There is noise and pollution. It is very difficult tol ive in big cities. (due to)
9 Thousands of children in Africa die every year. There is a serve shortage of food. (because)
10 Their car is being serviced. They are gonig to work by bus. (as)
Exercise 2. Complete these sentences with your own words to make reason clauses, using your own words when necessary.
1 He failed the exam ………………………………..
2 The driver aged 15 was fined by the police …………………..
3 …………………………….a traffic jam, we were late fort he meeting.
4 He had to pay a fine ……………………………..in paying his tax.
5 …………………………..high inflation, most people ………………………….
6 ……………………………..very hard, he felt exhausted when he arrived home.
7 …………………………my friend was in trouble, I immediately went to help him.
8 The fire broke out ……………………………the area without putting out the fire that they had lit.
9 Nobody wanted to keep money in their pockets …………………….inflation was as high as a hundred percent.
10 ………………………………well last night, I am feeling tired and sleepy today.
Exercise 3.
Complete the sentences, using one of the items from the box.
Since/because/because of/due to/owing to
1 Mary went to the dentist …………………….she had a toothache.
2 The refree cancelled the match …………………………..the rain.
3 The trains didnt run yesterday ………………………..snow had blocked both ends of the tunnel.
4 ……………………….there was an electric failure, we completed the rest of our journey by bus.
5 They were late ………………………….they had been held up in traffic.
6 He was sentenced to death …………………….he had murdered a number of people.
7 ……………………………..the srudent had written a good composition, the teacher congratulated him.
8 ………………………..the absence of a public telephone, she asked one of the shop-owners if she could use his telephone.
9 ……………………..the patient was weak, he couldnt stand without help.
10 They put off their journey …………………………..bad whether conditions.
Exercise 4. Choose the correct one.
1
Since / because of
they saw a man fire to one of the shops, they called the police immediately.
2 Mary couldnt go to school for over ten days
because / because of
her illness.
3
Since / due to
she hadnt had enough sleep the previous night, she felt sleepy all day.
4
Owing to / as
his car broke down very often, he decided to sell it and buy a new one.
5
Thanks to / because
the clean air and cool weather in the country, Grandfather recovered in a short time.
6 Two planes collied in mid-air
owing to / as
the bad weather.
7
Thanks to /since
the aid of volunteers, several new schools have been built in the country.
Exercise 5. Arrange these words to make meaningful sentences.
1 tried/dad/early/sleepy/went/bed/to/since/night/last/he/pretty/was/and.
2 cancelled/the/heavy/due/to/was/rain/match/the.
3 I/mistakes/was/because/great/nervous/many/I/very/made/in/a/the/test.
4 in front of/see/I/well/scene/the/traffic/to/for/accident/owing to/closed/road.
5 hours/several/an/remained/the/traffic/to/for/accident/owing to/closed/road.
6 strike/the/were/due to/cancelled/flights/all/the.
7 proverty/common/due to/is/robbery/this/in/country/very.
8 lived/to/the/very/since/grew/main/the/he/road/on/noise/sensitice/he.
9 paint/by/since/my/wore/party/ruined/shirt/blue/I/one/my/pink/the/tı/was.
10 because/of/late/yesterday/the/jam/traffic/the/for/lessons/the/was/teacher